Gagliardi J L, Kirkpatrick-Steger K K, Thomas J, Allen G J, Blumberg M S
Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
J Comp Psychol. 1995 Jun;109(2):107-14. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.109.2.107.
Interest in cognition in nonhuman animals has inspired new approaches to discovering animals' ability to attribute knowledge to others (e.g., D. J. Povinelli, K. E. Nelson, & S. T. Boysen, 1990). The assumptions of such experiments were tested in this study by training a group of humans (Homo sapiens) to use accurate information provided by a confederate who was watching as 1 container among 4 was baited; a 2nd group was similarly trained to use accurate information provided by a confederate whose back was turned during baiting. On a single reversal trial, the roles of the 2 confederates were switched. Subjects were able to learn their respective tasks but attended to different aspects of the confederates, as revealed by the reversal trial. Although attributional interpretations can be applied to such data, many of the choices in this experiment can be explained more readily with the basic principles of contingency-based learning.
对非人类动物认知的兴趣激发了新的方法来发现动物将知识归因于其他个体的能力（例如，D. J. 波维内利、K. E. 纳尔逊和S. T. 博伊森，1990年）。本研究通过训练一组人类（智人）使用由一名同谋提供的准确信息来测试此类实验的假设，该同谋在4个容器中的1个被诱饵时进行观察；第二组以类似方式进行训练，使用由一名在诱饵放置期间背过身去的同谋提供的准确信息。在一次单一的反转试验中，两名同谋的角色进行了切换。受试者能够学会各自的任务，但如反转试验所示，他们关注同谋的不同方面。尽管归因解释可以应用于此类数据，但本实验中的许多选择可以更容易地用基于偶然性学习的基本原理来解释。
