A chimeric study of the molecular basis of affinity and selectivity of the kappa and the delta opioid receptors. Potential role of extracellular domains.

Within the large family of G-protein-coupled receptors, a picture is emerging which contrasts the binding of small ligands and the binding of peptides to the seven-helix configuration of the proteins. Because of its unique richness in both peptide and non-peptide ligands, the opioid receptor family offers several advantages for achieving a better understanding of similarities and differences in ligand/receptor interactions across different classes of agonists and antagonists. Since multiple, naturally occurring, ligands interact with the multiple receptors with varying degrees of selectivity, this family is also an excellent model for examining the structural basis of selectivity. Thus, the molecular basis of binding affinity and selectivity of the kappa and the delta opioid receptors was investigated by the construction of four kappa/delta chimeric receptors. The pharmacological profiles of these chimeras as well as those of the wild type kappa and delta receptors were determined by their binding with several different categories of opioid ligands. A linear model was used to deduce the relative contribution of each corresponding pairs of kappa-delta receptor segments to the binding of a given ligand. The results show that the kappa and delta receptors bind the same opioid core differently and achieve their selectivity through different mechanisms. In addition, the interaction of a peptide ligand with a receptor appears to be different from that of a small ligand. Furthermore, these results point to a particularly important role of the second extracellular loop and the top half of transmembrane domain 4 in the binding of prodynorphin products. Together, the results suggest that these peptide receptors can be bound and activated via multiple binding pockets as a function of their own topography and the nature of the interacting ligand.