Lang P J
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Gainesville, FL 32610-0165, USA.
Am Psychol. 1995 May;50(5):372-85. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.50.5.372.
Emotions are action dispositions--states of vigilant readiness that vary widely in reported affect, physiology, and behavior. They are driven, however, by only 2 opponent motivational systems, appetitive and aversive--subcortical circuits that mediate reactions to primary reinforcers. Using a large emotional picture library, reliable affective psychophysiologies are shown, defined by the judged valence (appetitive/pleasant or aversive/unpleasant) and arousal of picture percepts. Picture-evoked affects also modulate responses to independently presented startle probe stimuli. In other words, they potentiate startle reflexes during unpleasant pictures and inhibit them during pleasant pictures, and both effects are augmented by high picture arousal. Implications are elucidated for research in basic emotions, psychopathology, and theories of orienting and defense. Conclusions highlight both the approach's constraints and promising paths for future study.
情绪是行动倾向——警觉准备状态，在报告的情感、生理和行为方面差异很大。然而，它们仅由两个相互对立的动机系统驱动，即欲求性和厌恶性——介导对初级强化物反应的皮层下回路。使用一个大型情绪图片库，展示了可靠的情感心理生理学，由判断的效价（欲求性/愉悦或厌恶性/不愉快）和图片感知的唤醒定义。图片诱发情感也调节对独立呈现的惊吓探测刺激的反应。换句话说，它们在不愉快图片期间增强惊吓反射，在愉快图片期间抑制惊吓反射，并且两种效应都因高图片唤醒而增强。阐明了对基本情绪、精神病理学以及定向和防御理论研究的启示。结论突出了该方法的局限性和未来研究的有前景的路径。
