Lang P J, Bradley M M, Cuthbert B N
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.
Psychol Rev. 1990 Jul;97(3):377-95.
This theoretical model of emotion is based on research using the startle-probe methodology. It explains inconsistencies in probe studies of attention and fear conditioning and provides a new approach to emotional perception, imagery, and memory. Emotions are organized biphasically, as appetitive or aversive (defensive). Reflexes with the same valence as an ongoing emotional state are augmented; mismatched reflexes are inhibited. Thus, the startle response (an aversive reflex) is enhanced during a fear state and is diminished in a pleasant emotional context. This affect-startle effect is not determined by general arousal, simple attention, or probe modality. The effect is found when affects are prompted by pictures or memory images, changes appropriately with aversive conditioning, and may be dependent on right-hemisphere processing. Implications for clinical, neurophysiological, and basic research in emotion are outlined.
这种情绪理论模型基于使用惊吓探测方法的研究。它解释了注意力和恐惧条件作用探测研究中的不一致之处，并为情绪感知、意象和记忆提供了一种新方法。情绪以双相方式组织，分为欲求性或厌恶（防御性）。与当前情绪状态具有相同效价的反射会增强；不匹配的反射则受到抑制。因此，惊吓反应（一种厌恶反射）在恐惧状态下会增强，而在愉快的情绪情境中会减弱。这种情感-惊吓效应不是由一般唤醒、简单注意力或探测方式决定的。当情感由图片或记忆意象引发时会出现这种效应，会随着厌恶条件作用而适当变化，并且可能依赖于右脑处理。文中概述了该模型对情绪临床、神经生理学和基础研究的意义。
