Arimura A, Shioda S
U.S.-Japan Biomedical Research Laboratories, Tulane University Hebert Center, Belle Chasse, Louisiana 70037, USA.
Front Neuroendocrinol. 1995 Jan;16(1):53-88. doi: 10.1006/frne.1995.1003.
The recent progress of research on the functions of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), especially endocrine and neuroendocrine interactions, is described. Studies of the genes encoding the PACAP precursor and the type I PACAP receptor provide information on the control of PACAP gene expression and on the relationship between the structure of the receptor subtypes and the activation of various signal transduction pathways. The availability of specific antisera against PACAP and the type I PACAP receptor made it possible to examine their distributions in the brain and other tissues. Immunohistochemical studies and physiological studies with synthetic PACAP indicate that PACAP is a new type of hypophysiotropic hormone and also functions as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. The abundance of PACAP and its type I receptors in the adrenal medulla and the results of studies with synthetic PACAP suggest that PACAP is a potent noncholinergic secretogue for catecholamines. PACAP and its receptors are also present in the pancreas and appear to play a regulatory role in insulin secretion at extremely low concentrations in a glucose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical demonstration of PACAP and its receptors in the testicular spermatids at early stages suggests an important role of testicular PACAP in spermiogenesis. Together with its actions on pituitary gonadotropes, this suggests that it plays a key role in reproduction.
本文描述了垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽（PACAP）功能的最新研究进展，尤其是内分泌与神经内分泌的相互作用。对编码PACAP前体和I型PACAP受体的基因研究，为PACAP基因表达的调控以及受体亚型结构与各种信号转导途径激活之间的关系提供了信息。针对PACAP和I型PACAP受体的特异性抗血清的可得性，使得研究它们在脑和其他组织中的分布成为可能。免疫组织化学研究以及使用合成PACAP的生理学研究表明，PACAP是一种新型的促垂体激素，并且在中枢神经系统中还作为神经递质、神经调质和神经营养因子发挥作用。肾上腺髓质中PACAP及其I型受体的丰富表达以及使用合成PACAP的研究结果表明，PACAP是一种有效的儿茶酚胺非胆碱能分泌刺激物。PACAP及其受体也存在于胰腺中，并且似乎在极低浓度下以葡萄糖依赖的方式对胰岛素分泌起调节作用。早期睾丸精子细胞中PACAP及其受体的免疫组织化学显示，提示睾丸PACAP在精子发生中起重要作用。连同其对垂体促性腺细胞的作用，这表明它在生殖中起关键作用。
