Pickup D J
Department of Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
Infect Agents Dis. 1994 Apr-Jun;3(2-3):116-27.
Poxviruses include some of the most virulent of all human pathogens. In part, the virulence of these viruses stems from their abilities to counter host defenses against infection. A family of cytokine-response modifiers encoded by the poxviruses contribute to these countermeasures. The poxviral cytokine-response modifiers appear to affect cytokine responses in at least four different ways: (a) by inhibiting the synthesis and release of cytokines from infected cells; (b) by interfering with the interaction between a cytokine and its receptor; (c) by inhibiting cytokine signal transmission; and (d) by synthesizing virus-encoded cytokines that antagonize the effects of host cytokines mediating antiviral processes. Known poxviral, cytokine-response modifiers include CrmA, an inhibitor of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme; several secreted soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and interferon-gamma; and poxvirus-encoded growth factors resembling epidermal growth factor. Collectively, these and other as yet unidentified cytokine-response modifiers contribute to the inhibition of a variety of nonspecific and virus-specific immune defenses against virus infection. Information gained on the mechanisms used by poxviruses to modify cytokine-mediated processes should assist the development of novel therapies for a variety of diseases.
痘病毒是人类所有病原体中最具毒性的病原体之一。这些病毒的毒性部分源于它们对抗宿主感染防御机制的能力。痘病毒编码的一类细胞因子反应调节剂促成了这些对抗措施。痘病毒细胞因子反应调节剂似乎至少通过四种不同方式影响细胞因子反应：（a）抑制受感染细胞中细胞因子的合成和释放；（b）干扰细胞因子与其受体之间的相互作用；（c）抑制细胞因子信号传递；（d）合成病毒编码的细胞因子，拮抗介导抗病毒过程的宿主细胞因子的作用。已知的痘病毒细胞因子反应调节剂包括白细胞介素-1β转换酶抑制剂CrmA；几种肿瘤坏死因子、白细胞介素-1和干扰素-γ的分泌型可溶性受体；以及类似于表皮生长因子的痘病毒编码生长因子。总体而言，这些以及其他尚未确定的细胞因子反应调节剂有助于抑制针对病毒感染的多种非特异性和病毒特异性免疫防御。关于痘病毒用于修饰细胞因子介导过程的机制所获得的信息，应有助于开发针对多种疾病的新型疗法。
