Heersche G, Nebel R L
Department of Animal Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0215.
J Dairy Sci. 1994 Sep;77(9):2754-61. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77218-0.
The ability of management to detect estrus efficiently and accurately in cows and heifers profoundly influences reproductive performance and profitability of dairy herds. Routine estimates of efficiency and accuracy are important to monitor reproduction in a herd and to evaluate management in problem breeding herds. Detection efficiency is usually expressed as the percentage of possible estruses that were observed over a given time period. Eight methods are presented that approximate efficiency using estrus and insemination dates. Efficiency can be estimated from herd summary information using the equation recommended by the Dairy Reproduction Core Parameter Committee or using equations that calculate the breeding interval. Milk progesterone concentrations measured by on-farm tests can be used to approximate efficiency. Seven of the nine Dairy Record Processing Centers calculate an efficiency estimate. Accuracy of detection of estrus is the percentage of estruses observed that are true estruses. Inaccurate detection of estrus results in breeding of cows not in estrus, thus lowering conception rates. Detection accuracy should be evaluated for herds experiencing low conception rates. Comparison of interestrual intervals, results of uterine and ovarian palpation, and progesterone concentrations of cows perceived to be in estrus can be used to estimate the accuracy of detection of estrus.
管理人员有效且准确地检测奶牛和小母牛发情的能力，对奶牛群的繁殖性能和盈利能力有着深远影响。对效率和准确性进行常规评估，对于监测牛群的繁殖情况以及评估繁殖问题较多的牛群的管理至关重要。检测效率通常表示为在给定时间段内观察到的可能发情次数的百分比。本文介绍了八种利用发情和输精日期估算效率的方法。效率可根据牛群汇总信息，使用乳业繁殖核心参数委员会推荐的公式，或使用计算配种间隔的公式来估算。通过农场测试测量的牛奶孕酮浓度可用于估算效率。九个乳业记录处理中心中有七个会计算效率估算值。发情检测的准确性是观察到的发情中真正发情的百分比。发情检测不准确会导致未发情的奶牛配种，从而降低受胎率。对于受胎率较低的牛群，应评估发情检测的准确性。比较发情间隔、子宫和卵巢触诊结果以及被认为处于发情期的奶牛的孕酮浓度，可用于估算发情检测的准确性。
