An engineered disulfide bridge in the transmembrane region of phage M13 coat protein stabilizes the alpha-helical dimer.

A single Cys-residue (Cys24) was introduced into the 50-amino acid major coat protein of M13 bacteriophage as part of a two-site substitution (Y24C-V31A) within the effective transmembrane (TM) segment (Tyr21 to Ile39) of the coat protein. Mutant Y24C-V31A was able to complete the phage life cycle and was shown to contain free sulfhydryls in the intact virus, as evidenced by susceptibility of Y24C-V31A phage to alkylation by Cys-specific 14C-iodoacetamide (14C-IAN). In contrast, the protein solubilized in deoxycholate micelles was resistant to 14C-IAN modification and was virtually inert to a transition from a characteristic alpha-helical oligomeric state to an aggregated beta-sheet structure relative to WT and V31A coat proteins, as shown by circular dichroism spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE. Reduction of mainly dimeric Y24C-V31A protein using beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME) generated monomeric species and resulted in a loss of helical thermostability. The overall results indicated that solubilization of Y24C-V31A coat protein into micelles resulted in formation of thermostable disulfide-bridged helical dimers. The disulfide bridge is deduced to be positioned along the stripe of residues involved in hydrophobic packing of TM parallel helical dimers.