Bleiweiss R, Kirsch J A, Lapointe F J
Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1994 Sep;3(3):248-55. doi: 10.1006/mpev.1994.1027.
A matrix of delta T mode values for 10 birds, including 9 nonpasserines and a suboscine passerine flycatcher, was generated by DNA-DNA hybridization. Within the most derived lineages, all bootstrapped and jackknifed FITCH trees lend strong support to sister-groupings of the two swift families, of hummingbirds to swifts, and of these to a clade containing both owls and night-hawks. The outgroup duck roots the tree between the woodpecker (Piciformes) and the remaining taxa, indicating that Piciformes are among the earliest branches within nonpasserines. However, the succeeding branches to kingfisher, mousebird, and suboscine passerine flycatcher are based on short internodes that are poorly supported by bootstrapping and that give inconsistent results in jackknifing. Although these 3 orders may have arisen through rapid or near-simultaneous divergence, placement of the "advanced" Passeriformes deep within a more "primitive" radiation indicates that nonpasserines are paraphyletic, echoing the same distinction for reptiles with respect to their advanced descendants. Despite significant rate variation among different taxa, these results largely concur with those obtained with the same technique by Sibley and Ahlquist, who used the delta T50H measure and UPGMA analysis. This agreement lends credence to some of their more controversial claims.
通过DNA - DNA杂交生成了10种鸟类（包括9种非雀形目鸟类和1种亚鸣禽雀形目捕蝇鸟）的δT模式值矩阵。在最进化的谱系中，所有自展法和刀切法得到的菲奇树都有力地支持了两个雨燕科的姐妹群关系、蜂鸟与雨燕的姐妹群关系，以及它们与包含猫头鹰和夜鹰的一个进化枝的姐妹群关系。外类群鸭将树的根定在啄木鸟（鴷形目）和其余分类单元之间，这表明鴷形目是非雀形目最早的分支之一。然而，向翠鸟、鼠鸟和亚鸣禽雀形目捕蝇鸟的后续分支基于短节间，自展法对其支持不足，刀切法得到的结果也不一致。尽管这3个目可能是通过快速或近乎同时的分化产生的，但“高级”雀形目在更“原始”的辐射中处于较深位置，这表明非雀形目是并系群，这与爬行动物相对于其高级后代的情况类似。尽管不同分类单元之间存在显著的速率差异，但这些结果在很大程度上与西布利和阿尔奎斯特使用相同技术（他们使用δT50H测量和UPGMA分析）获得的结果一致。这种一致性为他们一些更具争议性的主张提供了可信度。
