CD28 costimulation up-regulates long-term IL-2R beta expression in human T cells through combined transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation.

Costimulatory molecules such as CD28 are required for induction of T cell clonal expansion and for prevention of T cell unresponsiveness. In combination with either CD3 or CD2 triggering, CD28 was shown to enhance T cell proliferation, cytolytic activity, production of cytokines and especially of IL-2, and expression of the IL-2R alpha-chain (IL-2R alpha). We and others have demonstrated that the costimulatory effect of CD28 on both IL-2 and IL-2R alpha expression results from a coordinated transcriptional activation of their genes and transcript stabilization. We show here that the CD28 stimulation, together with CD2, leads to a prolonged up-regulation of the constitutive expression of the IL-2R beta-chain in human peripheral T cells. As for IL-2R alpha, the increase in IL-2R beta gene expression seems to result from both transcriptional activation and transcript stabilization. In addition, IL-2 differentially regulates its own receptors, as only expression of IL-2R alpha, but not of IL-2R beta, is largely inhibited, at both the mRNA and protein levels, by blocking IL-2R mAbs. We propose that the long lasting T cell proliferation mediated by the CD2 and CD28 costimulation is mainly the consequence of the high and prolonged expression of both the IL-2R alpha- and beta-chains.