Circadian rhythms of renal hemodynamics in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats.

Catheters were placed in the jugular vein and femoral artery of male Sprague-Dawley rats and connected to a specially designed perfusor for continuous constant infusion of 0.9% NaCl and a syringe to perform simultaneous and intermittent blood collections. This permitted continuous 24-h study of renal hemodynamics, estimated by inulin (Cin) and p-amino-hippuric acid (CPAH) clearances; Cin represents glomerular filtration rate and CPAH renal plasma flow. Animals were individually housed in metabolism cages in a controlled environment with light/dark 12:12 h. Urine was collected every 4 h (12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00, 04:00, and 08:00) and blood sampled at the midpoint of urine collection periods. Urine and plasma sodium, potassium, inulin, and PAH were spectrophotometrically assessed. During continuous infusion of isotonic saline, Cin exhibited circadian changes with large decrease between 12:00 and 20:00 h (0.9 +/- 0.2 ml/min) and acrophase at 00:30 h. Rhythmicity in CPAH was similar with the minimum between 16:00 and 20:00 h (2.5 +/- 0.3 ml/min) and peak between 00:00 and 04:00 h (acrophase at 00:25 h). Water and electrolyte excretion were also circadian rhythmic with a similar nighttime enhancement and daytime minimum. Such circadian changes persisted during continuous 0.9% NaCl infusion for several consecutive days. The unanesthetized, unrestrained rat model enables investigations in renal chronopharmacology and chronotoxicology.