Bruce V, Langton S
Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, UK.
Perception. 1994;23(7):803-22. doi: 10.1068/p230803.
An investigation of what can be learned about representational processes in face recognition from the independent and combined effects of inverting and negating facial images is reported. In experiment 1, independent effects of inversion and negation were observed in a task of identifying famous faces. In experiments 2 through 4 the question of whether effects of negation were still obtained when effects due to the reversal of pigmentation in negative images were eliminated was examined. By the use of images of the 3-D surfaces of faces measured by laser, and displays as smooth surfaces devoid of pigmentation, only effects of inversion were obtained reliably, suggesting that the effects observed in experiment 1 arose largely through the inversion of pigmentation values in normal images of faces. The results of experiment 5 suggested that the difference was not due to the different task demands of experiments 2-4 compared with those of experiment 1. When normally pigmented face images were used in a task making similar demands to that of experiment 4, independent effects of inversion and negation were again observed. When a task of sex classification was used in experiments 6 and 7, clear effects of negation as well as inversion were observed on latencies, though not accuracies, of responding. The results are interpreted in terms of the information content of pigmentation relative to shape from shading in different face-classification tasks. The results also reinforce other recent evidence demonstrating the importance of image intensity as well as spatial layout of face 'features'.
本文报告了一项关于从面部图像的反转和取反的独立及联合效应中，能了解到面部识别中表征过程的哪些信息的研究。在实验1中，在识别名人面部的任务中观察到了反转和取反的独立效应。在实验2至4中，研究了在消除负像中色素沉着反转所产生的效应后，是否仍能获得取反效应的问题。通过使用激光测量的面部三维表面图像，并将其显示为没有色素沉着的光滑表面，仅可靠地获得了反转效应，这表明实验1中观察到的效应主要是通过面部正常图像中色素沉着值的反转产生的。实验5的结果表明，这种差异并非源于实验2至4与实验1的任务要求不同。当在与实验4要求相似的任务中使用正常色素沉着的面部图像时，再次观察到了反转和取反的独立效应。在实验6和7中，当使用性别分类任务时，在反应潜伏期（而非准确率）上观察到了明显的取反以及反转效应。研究结果根据不同面部分类任务中色素沉着相对于由阴影产生的形状的信息内容进行了解释。研究结果还强化了其他近期证据，证明了图像强度以及面部“特征”的空间布局的重要性。
