Cold denaturation of an icosahedral virus. The role of entropy in virus assembly.

Assembly of icosahedral viruses is not completely understood at the molecular level. The main puzzle is to answer how chemically identical protein subunits take up unique positionally dependent conformations during the process of assembly. The stability of the ribonucleoprotein particles of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) to pressures and subzero temperatures has been studied. At room temperature, reversible pressure denaturation of CPMV is obtained only in the presence of 5.0 M urea. On the other hand, when the temperature is decreased to -15 degrees C, the ribonucleoprotein components denature, at 2.5 kbar, in the presence of 1.0 M urea. At temperatures close to -20 degrees C, denaturation is obtained even in the absence of urea. Whereas the denaturation promoted by pressure and urea at room temperature is reversible, virus particles denatured when the temperature is decreased under pressure cannot reassemble. Bis-ANS binding data suggest that this irreversibility may be related to protein release from RNA, which probably does not occur under denaturating conditions at room temperature. The contributions of enthalpy (delta H*) and entropy (delta S*) for the free energy of association of CPMV are calculated from the cold denaturation curves under pressure. The entropy change is positive and large, making the assembly of ribonucleoprotein components an entropy-driven process, suggesting that the burial of nonpolar side chains during the process of assembly is the structural foundation for CPMV assembly.