Maintenance of an extrachromosomal plasmid vector in mouse embryonic stem cells.

We have constructed and characterized a polyoma virus-based plasmid that is maintained as an autonomously replicating extrachromosomal element (episome) in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Plasmid pMGD20neo contains the polyoma origin of replication harboring a mutated enhancer (PyF101), a modified polyoma early region that encodes the large tumor (T) antigen only, and a gene that confers resistance to G418 (neo). After transfection, the plasmid replicates in ES cells and is maintained as an extrachromosomal element in 15% of G418-resistant clones. Integration of the plasmid DNA is undetectable for at least 28 cell generations. In one clone, the transfected DNA persists unaltered as an episome at 10-30 copies per cell for at least 74 cell generations in the presence of G418. Cells that maintain the autonomously replicating plasmid can efficiently replicate and maintain a second plasmid that carries the polyoma origin of replication. Independent vector-containing ES cell lines showed no significant alteration of the karyotype, and two cell lines yielded several chimeric animals when introduced into blastocysts, suggesting that the presence of an episomal element and expression of polyoma large T do not eliminate the ES cells' ability to populate an embryo. This system offers an efficient means for manipulating and analyzing various aspects of gene expression in ES cells.