Fantini B
Institut Louis Jeantet d'Histoire de la Médecine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
Parassitologia. 1994 Aug;36(1-2):83-106.
Since 1898, when it was established that malaria was transmitted by the Anopheles, the theory has had many sceptics and critics. One of the most serious objections was that Anopheles mosquitoes existed in regions which were not malarious, although they could have been, given the climatic and ecological conditions ('anophelism without malaria'). The history of this epidemiological problem passed through four different phases. In the first, it simply did not exist, because before Ross and Grassi's discoveries one can observe the presence of the Anopheles mosquitoes and the absence of malaria without considering it surprising. In the second phase it became a possible refutation of the mosquito theory of malaria transmission. In the third, after the definitive acceptance of this theory, anophelism without malaria was considered as a puzzle, a paradox, an enigma to be solved. Finally, in the fourth phase, after the discovery of the maculipennis subspecies complex, it became the aim of the antimalarial activities. The historical analysis of this epidemiological problem suggests many insights on the delicate and always changing malaria ecosystem.
自1898年确定疟疾由按蚊传播以来，这一理论一直受到许多怀疑者和批评者的质疑。最严重的反对意见之一是，按蚊存在于非疟疾流行地区，尽管鉴于气候和生态条件，这些地区本可能出现疟疾（“有按蚊但无疟疾”）。这个流行病学问题的历史经历了四个不同阶段。在第一阶段，它根本不存在，因为在罗斯和格拉西的发现之前，人们可以观察到按蚊的存在和疟疾的不存在，而不会觉得奇怪。在第二阶段，它成为对疟疾传播蚊子理论的一种可能反驳。在第三阶段，在该理论被最终接受之后，有按蚊但无疟疾被视为一个需要解决的谜题、悖论和谜团。最后，在第四阶段，在发现黄斑按蚊亚种复合体之后，它成为抗疟活动的目标。对这个流行病学问题的历史分析为微妙且不断变化的疟疾生态系统提供了许多见解。
