McConalogue K, Furness J B
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Jan;8(1):51-76. doi: 10.1016/s0950-351x(05)80226-5.
The enteric nervous system contains neurones that are intrinsic to the gastrointestinal tract and the axons of extrinsic neurones. More than 30 functional types of neurone are present and about 25 different possible neurotransmitters have been identified in enteric neurones. Most neurones utilize several transmitters; amongst the transmitters of an individual neurone, one is usually a primary transmitter and other substances are subsidiary transmitters or neuromodulators. The primary transmitter is the substance that has the major role in acutely changing the excitability of the innervated cell. Current evidence indicates that primary transmitters are strongly conserved; that is, the same substance will be the neurotransmitter in functionally equivalent neurones in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract and in different species. In contrast, subsidiary transmitters and neuromodulators of equivalent neurones in different regions are not necessarily the same. Only about seven of the approximately 25 enteric neurotransmitters are known to be primary transmitters. Acetylcholine is the primary transmitter of vagal and pelvic preganglionic neurones, of enteric interneurones, of one class of secretomotor neurone in the intestine and of motor neurones controlling gastric acid secretion. Acetylcholine and tachykinins are co-primary transmitters of muscle motor neurones, with acetylcholine appearing to have the greater role. Tachykinins are probably primary transmitters of enteric sensory neurones at neuroneuronal synapses. Serotonin may also be a transmitter to neurones in the enteric ganglia. Nitric oxide appears to be the usual primary transmitter of enteric inhibitory motor neurones to the muscle. ATP and vasoactive intestinal peptide are subsidiary transmitters of these neurones, although in some regions they may have a primary transmitter role. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is the primary transmitter of non-cholinergic secretomotor neurones. Gastrin releasing peptide is the primary transmitter of motor neurones to gastrin cells. Noradrenaline is the primary transmitter of sympathetic neurones that supply the intestine.
肠神经系统包含胃肠道固有的神经元以及外在神经元的轴突。存在30多种功能类型的神经元，并且在肠神经元中已鉴定出约25种不同的可能神经递质。大多数神经元利用几种递质；在单个神经元的递质中，一种通常是主要递质，其他物质是辅助递质或神经调质。主要递质是在急性改变受支配细胞兴奋性方面起主要作用的物质。目前的证据表明主要递质具有很强的保守性；也就是说，相同的物质将是胃肠道不同区域和不同物种中功能等效神经元的神经递质。相比之下，不同区域等效神经元的辅助递质和神经调质不一定相同。在大约25种肠神经递质中，已知只有约7种是主要递质。乙酰胆碱是迷走神经和盆神经节前神经元、肠中间神经元、肠内一类分泌运动神经元以及控制胃酸分泌的运动神经元的主要递质。乙酰胆碱和速激肽是肌肉运动神经元的共同主要递质，其中乙酰胆碱似乎起更大作用。速激肽可能是肠感觉神经元在神经元间突触处的主要递质。5-羟色胺也可能是肠神经节中神经元的递质。一氧化氮似乎是肠抑制性运动神经元作用于肌肉的通常主要递质。三磷酸腺苷和血管活性肠肽是这些神经元的辅助递质，尽管在某些区域它们可能起主要递质的作用。血管活性肠肽是非胆碱能分泌运动神经元的主要递质。胃泌素释放肽是作用于胃泌素细胞的运动神经元的主要递质。去甲肾上腺素是供应肠道的交感神经元的主要递质。
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