Afifi A K
Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
J Child Neurol. 1994 Jul;9(3):249-60. doi: 10.1177/088307389400900306.
Advances in knowledge about basal ganglia structure and connectivity from 1925 to date are reviewed. Current concepts about neuronal populations, transmitters, and input and output of each of the basal ganglia nuclei are presented. The portrayal by Wilson, in 1925, of the striatum as a simple homogeneous structure has been replaced by the recognition, based on staining characteristics, connectivity, and function, that the neostriatum is compartmentalized into striosomes, matrisomes, and matrix compartments. Electrophysiologic studies have further shown the existence, in the neostriatum, of neuronal clusters that represent basic functional units much like the functional columns described much earlier for the cerebral cortex. Whereas the neostriatum is considered the major receiving area of the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata constitute the major output nuclei. Combined neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic studies have revealed precise somatotopic organization throughout the basal ganglia system such that the leg, arm, and face areas of the cerebral cortex related to respective topographic areas within the striatum, pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamus. The previous concept of an inhibitory role for dopamine on striatal neurons has been modified. It is now acknowledged that dopamine exerts an inhibitory effect on striatal neurons that project to the external pallidum and a facilitatory effect on striatal neurons that project to the internal pallidum and substantia nigra pars reticulata. The previous concept of serial connectivity of the neostriatum (funnel concept) has been replaced by the concept of parallel connectivity. Within the internal connectivity of the basal ganglia, there is a fast system in which the neurotransmitter is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and a slow system modulated by neuropeptides. The slow system is believed to give identity to an otherwise homogenous GABAergic system.
本文回顾了1925年至今有关基底神经节结构和连接性的知识进展。介绍了当前关于每个基底神经节核的神经元群体、递质以及输入和输出的概念。1925年威尔逊将纹状体描述为简单的同质结构，如今基于染色特征、连接性和功能的认识，新纹状体已被划分为纹状体小体、基质小体和基质区室。电生理研究进一步表明，新纹状体内存在神经元簇，它们代表基本功能单元，很像早期描述的大脑皮质功能柱。新纹状体被认为是基底神经节的主要接收区域，而苍白球和黑质网状部则构成主要输出核。神经解剖学和神经生理学的联合研究揭示了整个基底神经节系统精确的躯体定位组织，使得大脑皮质的腿部、手臂和面部区域与纹状体、苍白球、黑质和丘脑底核内各自的地形区域相关。以前关于多巴胺对纹状体神经元起抑制作用的概念已被修正。现在人们认识到，多巴胺对投射到外侧苍白球的纹状体神经元起抑制作用，而对投射到内侧苍白球和黑质网状部的纹状体神经元起促进作用。以前关于新纹状体串行连接的概念（漏斗概念）已被并行连接的概念所取代。在基底神经节的内部连接中，存在一个快速系统，其神经递质是γ-氨基丁酸（GABA），还有一个由神经肽调节的慢速系统。慢速系统被认为赋予了原本同质的GABA能系统独特性。
