Radke-Yarrow M, Zahn-Waxler C, Richardson D T, Susman A, Martinez P
National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Child Dev. 1994 Oct;65(5):1405-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00825.x.
Young children's sensitivity and responsiveness to mothers' needs were investigated under conditions of high and low parenting risk (depressed and nondepressed mothers, SADS-L). Child characteristics of gender, affect, and impulse control problems and the mother-child attachment relationship were examined as they related to children's caring actions. Children's caring behavior was observed in an experimental situation in which their mothers simulated sadness and in a naturalistic setting. Attachment alone and child's problems alone were not predictors, and maternal diagnosis alone was not a strong predictor. Girls were significantly more caring than boys. Severe maternal depression was necessary to bring out high levels of responding in boys. Highest frequencies of caring were from children with severely depressed mothers, problems of affect regulation, and secure attachment. The importance of recognizing interacting influences and diverse underlying processes in the development of children's caring behavior is discussed.
在高养育风险和低养育风险条件下（患有抑郁症和未患抑郁症的母亲，采用情感障碍和精神分裂症日程表-长式），对幼儿对母亲需求的敏感度和反应能力进行了调查。研究了儿童的性别、情感及冲动控制问题等特征以及母婴依恋关系与儿童关爱行为之间的关联。在母亲模拟悲伤的实验情境和自然情境中观察了儿童的关爱行为。单独的依恋和单独的儿童问题并非预测因素，单独的母亲诊断也不是强有力的预测因素。女孩比男孩更具关爱之心。母亲的严重抑郁对于激发男孩的高反应水平是必要的。关爱频率最高的是那些母亲患有严重抑郁症、存在情感调节问题且有安全依恋关系的儿童。文中讨论了认识到儿童关爱行为发展中相互作用的影响和多样潜在过程的重要性。
