Diagnosis and management of hemoptysis.

Hemoptysis may present in patients both young and old, and its causes are numerous. The origin of the bleeding can be anywhere from the lips to the lung pleura, and a precise history and physical examination are essential in narrowing the search for the etiology. The chest film can effectively identify or exclude most lung neoplasms, but further evaluation is needed in those patients at high risk for cancer. The etiologies of hemoptysis are reviewed; emphasis is placed on a thorough history; the utility of diagnostic studies are explained; and efficient management is outlined.