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本文引用的文献

1
Relationships among non-Acremonium sp. fungal endophytes in five grass species.五种禾本科植物中非枝顶孢属真菌内生菌之间的关系。
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 May;59(5):1540-8. doi: 10.1128/aem.59.5.1540-1548.1993.
2
Molecular biology and genetics of protective fungal endophytes of grasses.禾本科植物保护性真菌内生菌的分子生物学与遗传学
Genet Eng (N Y). 1993;15:191-212. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1666-2_9.
3
Testing the theory of evolution by comparing phylogenetic trees constructed from five different protein sequences.通过比较由五种不同蛋白质序列构建的系统发育树来检验进化理论。
Nature. 1982 May 20;297(5863):197-200. doi: 10.1038/297197a0.
4
The human pro-opiomelanocortin gene: organization, sequence, and interspersion with repetitive DNA.人类促阿片-黑素细胞皮质素原基因：结构、序列及与重复DNA的散布情况
DNA. 1982;1(2):133-43. doi: 10.1089/dna.1.1982.1.133.
5
Nonradioactive labeling of probe with digoxigenin by polymerase chain reaction.通过聚合酶链反应用地高辛对探针进行非放射性标记。
Anal Biochem. 1990 Aug 1;188(2):335-7. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90616-h.
6
The beta-tubulin gene of Epichloë typhina from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne).来自多年生黑麦草（黑麦草）的内生真菌（Epichloë typhina）的β-微管蛋白基因。
Curr Genet. 1990 Nov;18(4):347-54. doi: 10.1007/BF00318216.
7
Linear DNA plasmids of the perennial ryegrass choke pathogen, Epichloë typhina (Clavicipitaceae).多年生黑麦草内生真菌病原体——黑麦草内生菌（麦角菌科）的线性DNA质粒。
Curr Genet. 1991 Dec;20(6):519-26. doi: 10.1007/BF00334781.
8
Surrogate transformation of perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, using genetically modified Acremonium endophyte.利用转基因内生真菌对多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）进行替代转化
Mol Gen Genet. 1992 May;233(1-2):1-9. doi: 10.1007/BF00587554.
9
Efficient transformation of Claviceps purpurea using pyrimidine auxotrophic mutants: cloning of the OMP decarboxylase gene.使用嘧啶营养缺陷型突变体对麦角菌进行高效转化：OMP脱羧酶基因的克隆
Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Aug;234(2):297-305. doi: 10.1007/BF00283850.
10
Transformation of Acremonium coenophialum, a protective fungal symbiont of the grass Festuca arundinacea.高羊茅的保护性真菌共生体—— coenophialum顶孢霉的转化
Curr Genet. 1992 Nov;22(5):399-406. doi: 10.1007/BF00352441.

多年生黑麦草一种真菌共生体的起源，由一种互利共生体与黑麦草寄生病原体——黑麦草内生真菌（Epichloë typhina）进行种间杂交产生。

Origin of a fungal symbiont of perennial ryegrass by interspecific hybridization of a mutualist with the ryegrass choke pathogen, Epichloë typhina.

作者信息

Schardl C L, Leuchtmann A, Tsai H F, Collett M A, Watt D M, Scott D B

机构信息

Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0091.

出版信息

Genetics. 1994 Apr;136(4):1307-17. doi: 10.1093/genetics/136.4.1307.

DOI:10.1093/genetics/136.4.1307
PMID:8013907
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1205911/
Abstract

Seed-borne fungal symbionts (endophytes) provide many cool-season grass species with biological protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. The endophytes are asexual, whereas closely related sexual species of genus Epichloë (Clavicipitales) cause grass choke disease. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a host of two endophyte taxa, LpTG-1 (L. perenne endophyte taxonomic grouping one = Acremonium lolii) and LpTG-2, as well as the choke pathogen, Epichloë typhina (represented by isolate E8). Relationships among these fungi and other Epichloë species were investigated by analysis of gene sequences, DNA polymorphisms and allozymes. The results indicate that LpTG-2 is a heteroploid derived from an interspecific hybrid. The LpTG-2 isolates had two copies each of nine out of ten genes analyzed (the exception being the rRNA gene locus), and the profiles for seven of these were composites of those from E. typhina E8 and A. lolii isolate Lp5. Molecular phylogenetic analysis grouped the two beta-tubulin genes of LpTG-2 into separate clades. One (tub2-1) was related to that of E. typhina E8, and the other (tub2-2) to that of A. lolii. The mitochondrial DNA profile of LpTG-2 was similar to that of A. lolii, but its rRNA gene sequence grouped it with E. typhina E8. A proposed model for the evolution of LpTG-2 involves infection of a L. perenne-A. lolii symbiotum by E. typhina, followed by hybridization of the two fungi. Such interspecific hybridization may be a common and important mechanism for genetic variation in Epichloë endophytes.

摘要

种子携带的真菌共生体（内生菌）为许多冷季型草种提供了抵御生物和非生物胁迫的生物保护。这些内生菌是无性的，而与Epichloë属（麦角菌目）密切相关的有性物种会导致草窒息病。多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）是两种内生菌分类群LpTG - 1（多年生黑麦草内生菌分类群一 = 黑麦草顶孢霉）和LpTG - 2以及窒息病原体Epichloë typhina（以分离株E8代表）的宿主。通过对基因序列、DNA多态性和等位酶的分析，研究了这些真菌与其他Epichloë物种之间的关系。结果表明，LpTG - 2是一种源自种间杂交的异倍体。在分析的十个基因中，LpTG - 2分离株的九个基因各有两个拷贝（rRNA基因座除外），其中七个基因的图谱是Epichloë typhina E8和黑麦草顶孢霉分离株Lp5的图谱组合。分子系统发育分析将LpTG - 2的两个β-微管蛋白基因归入不同的进化枝。一个（tub2 - 1）与Epichloë typhina E8的相关，另一个（tub2 - 2）与黑麦草顶孢霉的相关。LpTG - 2的线粒体DNA图谱与黑麦草顶孢霉的相似，但其rRNA基因序列将其与Epichloë typhina E8归为一类。提出的LpTG - 2进化模型涉及Epichloë typhina对多年生黑麦草 - 黑麦草顶孢霉共生体的感染，随后两种真菌杂交。这种种间杂交可能是Epichloë内生菌遗传变异的一种常见且重要的机制。