Stauber J L, Florence T M, Gulson B L, Dale L S
CSIRO Centre for Advanced Analytical Chemistry, Menai, NSW, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 1994 May 2;145(1-2):55-70. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90297-6.
In vivo experiments with the stable lead isotope, 204Pb, have confirmed that inorganic lead compounds can be absorbed through the skin. Three different analytical techniques--thermal ionization mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and anodic stripping voltammetry--showed that lead, as lead nitrate or lead acetate, was rapidly absorbed through the skin and detectable in sweat, blood and urine within 6 h of skin application. Of the 4.4 mg of lead applied to the skin in one experiment, 1.3 mg was absorbed within 24 h. Initial rapid uptake was probably via sweat glands and hair follicles, followed by slower absorption via the transepidermal route. While increases in 204Pb concentration and abundance were observed, no increase in total lead in blood or urine was found. It is possible that the physicochemical form of skin-absorbed lead partitions strongly into extracellular fluid, but has a low affinity for erythrocytes. There was no significant difference in uptake of lead into erythrocytes (in vitro) from normal saline, synthetic sweat or sauna sweat. Ultrafiltration of sweat showed that up to 70% of lead in sweat was associated with > 30,000 MW particles. It is possible that percutaneous absorption of lead could contribute significantly to lead body burden, particularly from occupational exposure to lead in dust. Moreover, because lead absorbed through the skin was only just detectable in blood, and blood lead is the main criterion by which industry determines exposure, skin-absorbed lead may remain undetected.
使用稳定铅同位素204Pb进行的体内实验证实，无机铅化合物可通过皮肤吸收。三种不同的分析技术——热电离质谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法和阳极溶出伏安法——表明，作为硝酸铅或醋酸铅的铅可迅速通过皮肤吸收，并在皮肤接触后6小时内可在汗液、血液和尿液中检测到。在一项实验中，涂抹在皮肤上的4.4毫克铅中，有1.3毫克在24小时内被吸收。最初的快速吸收可能是通过汗腺和毛囊，随后是通过经表皮途径的较慢吸收。虽然观察到204Pb浓度和丰度增加，但血液或尿液中的总铅含量没有增加。皮肤吸收的铅的物理化学形式可能强烈地分配到细胞外液中，但对红细胞的亲和力较低。从生理盐水、合成汗液或桑拿汗液中（体外）吸收铅进入红细胞没有显著差异。汗液超滤显示，汗液中高达70%的铅与分子量大于30000的颗粒有关。皮肤吸收铅可能对体内铅负荷有显著贡献，特别是来自职业性接触粉尘中的铅。此外，由于通过皮肤吸收的铅在血液中刚刚可检测到，而血铅是工业确定接触的主要标准，皮肤吸收的铅可能仍未被检测到。
