Lynn R, Owen K
Psychology Department, University of Ulster, Coleraine County Londonberry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
J Gen Psychol. 1994 Jan;121(1):27-36. doi: 10.1080/00221309.1994.9711170.
Numerous studies in the United States have shown that mean test scores between Blacks and Whites differ by about one standard deviation. It has further been noted that the magnitudes of these differences vary on different tests. This variation can be explained by Spearman's hypothesis, which states that Black-White differences on a set of cognitive tests are positively associated with the tests' g loadings (the general intellectual ability). The present study, conducted among Black, Indian, and White secondary students in South Africa, showed mean Black-White differences of two standard deviations, indicating that the American results of one standard deviation are not universally correct. With regard to Spearman's hypothesis, it was found that, although the mean White-Indian differences were about one standard deviation, these differences did not support the hypothesis. Results pertaining to the Black-White differences were ambiguous; the correlation of .62 (p < .05) between the Black g and the Black-White differences strongly supported the hypothesis. A nonsignificant correlation of .23 was obtained between the White g and the Black-White differences. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed.
美国的众多研究表明，黑人和白人之间的平均测试分数相差约一个标准差。进一步指出的是，这些差异的大小在不同测试中有所不同。这种差异可以用斯皮尔曼假说解释，该假说指出，一组认知测试中的黑白差异与测试的g负荷（一般智力能力）呈正相关。本研究在南非的黑人、印度人和白人中学生中进行，结果显示黑人和白人之间的平均差异为两个标准差，这表明美国一个标准差的结果并非普遍正确。关于斯皮尔曼假说，研究发现，虽然白人-印度人之间的平均差异约为一个标准差，但这些差异并不支持该假说。与黑白差异相关的结果不明确；黑人g与黑白差异之间的相关性为0.62（p < 0.05），有力地支持了该假说。白人g与黑白差异之间的相关性为0.23，不具有统计学意义。本文讨论了这一发现的可能原因。
