Kaufman A S, McLean J E, Kaufman J C
University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-1250, USA.
J Clin Psychol. 1995 Sep;51(5):636-47. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(199509)51:5<636::aid-jclp2270510509>3.0.co;2-8.
Data from the standardization sample of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) were used to examine race/ethnic differences on the Horn-Cattell fluid and crystallized constructs. Samples included 768 individuals aged 11 to 24 years (575 White, 117 Black, 76 Hispanic) and 1,160 individuals aged 25 to 94 years (972 White, 124 Black, 64 Hispanic). Multivariate and univariate analyses were conducted, with and without an educational attainment covariate. Race/ethnic group was related significantly to performance on fluid and crystallized variables. Whites generally outscored Blacks and Hispanic on the diverse measures, namely, on tasks dependent on school learning (crystallized), and on those that reflect novel problem solving (fluid). These results maintained even with educational attainment covaried. Hispanics tended to perform better on fluid than on crystallized tests.
考夫曼青少年及成人智力测验（KAIT）标准化样本的数据被用于检验霍恩 - 卡特尔流体智力和晶体智力结构上的种族/民族差异。样本包括768名11至24岁的个体（575名白人、117名黑人、76名西班牙裔）以及1160名25至94岁的个体（972名白人、124名黑人、64名西班牙裔）。进行了多变量和单变量分析，分析时考虑了和未考虑教育程度协变量的情况。种族/民族群体与流体智力和晶体智力变量的表现显著相关。在各种测量中，白人通常在分数上高于黑人和西班牙裔，即在依赖学校学习的任务（晶体智力）以及反映新颖问题解决能力的任务（流体智力）上。即使考虑了教育程度协变量，这些结果依然成立。西班牙裔在流体智力测试上的表现往往优于晶体智力测试。
