Roberts D R, Andre R G
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50(6 Suppl):21-34. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.21.
Vector-borne diseases are an increasing cause of death and suffering worldwide. Efforts to control these diseases have been focused on the use of chemical pesticides, but arthropod resistance (whether physiological, biochemical, or behavioral) to pesticides is now an immense practical problem. The pharmacokinetic interactions of pesticides with arthropods, mechanisms of resistance, and the strengths and shortcomings of different resistance test methods are briefly reviewed. Using malaria control as an example, the differences between the efficacy of insecticide-sprayed houses in reducing malaria transmission, and the actual effect of such treatments on vectors are discussed. Reduced malaria transmission as a result of spraying house walls occurs through some combination of killing vectors that land on sprayed walls (insecticidal effect) and by preventing vectors from entering or remaining inside long enough to bite (behavioral effects). Both insecticidal and behavioral effects of insecticides are important, but the relative importance of one versus the other is controversial. Field studies in Africa, India, Brazil, and Mexico provide persuasive evidence for strong behavioral avoidance of DDT by the primary vector species. This avoidance behavior, exhibited when malaria vectors avoid insecticides by not entering or by rapidly exiting sprayed houses, should raise serious questions about the overall value of current physiological and biochemical resistance tests. The continued efficacy of DDT in Africa, India, Brazil, and Mexico, where 69% of all reported cases of malaria occur and where vectors are physiologically resistant to DDT (excluding Brazil), serves as one indicator that repellency is very important in preventing indoor transmission of malaria. This experience with DDT has implications for future control efforts because pyrethroids also stimulate avoidance behaviors in arthropods. Each chemical should be studied early (before broad-scale use) to define types of action against vector species by geographic area, especially for impregnated bed net applications. The problems for vector control created by use of insecticides in agriculture and the potential for management of resistance in both agriculture and vector-borne disease control are discussed.
媒介传播疾病在全球范围内正日益成为导致死亡和痛苦的原因。控制这些疾病的努力一直集中在使用化学杀虫剂上，但节肢动物对杀虫剂的抗性（无论是生理、生化还是行为方面的）现在是一个巨大的实际问题。本文简要回顾了杀虫剂与节肢动物的药代动力学相互作用、抗性机制以及不同抗性测试方法的优缺点。以疟疾控制为例，讨论了喷洒杀虫剂的房屋在减少疟疾传播方面的效果与这些处理对病媒的实际影响之间的差异。通过喷洒房屋墙壁减少疟疾传播是通过杀死落在喷洒墙壁上的病媒（杀虫效果）和防止病媒进入或在室内停留足够长的时间以叮咬（行为效果）的某种组合实现的。杀虫剂的杀虫和行为效果都很重要，但两者的相对重要性存在争议。在非洲、印度、巴西和墨西哥进行的实地研究提供了有说服力的证据，表明主要病媒物种对滴滴涕有强烈的行为回避。当疟疾病媒通过不进入或迅速离开喷洒杀虫剂的房屋来避免杀虫剂时表现出的这种回避行为，应该对当前生理和生化抗性测试的整体价值提出严重质疑。在非洲、印度、巴西和墨西哥，69%的所有报告疟疾病例发生在这些地区，并且病媒对滴滴涕具有生理抗性（巴西除外），滴滴涕在这些地区的持续有效性表明驱避在预防疟疾室内传播方面非常重要。滴滴涕的这种经验对未来的控制努力具有启示意义，因为拟除虫菊酯也会刺激节肢动物的回避行为。每种化学物质都应在早期（在广泛使用之前）进行研究，以确定按地理区域针对病媒物种的作用类型，特别是对于浸渍蚊帐的应用。讨论了农业中使用杀虫剂给病媒控制带来的问题以及农业和媒介传播疾病控制中抗性管理的潜力。
