Reconstructive procedures in benign and malignant gynecological surgery.

The management of female cancers may involve radical surgery and radiotherapy, which results in damage to or loss of the pelvic organs and female genitalia. New procedures have been developed and applied in gynecological oncology, allowing reconstruction of continent bladders, of new vaginas (both for cosmesis and function), and preserving fecal continence. The use of a range of plastic procedures have enabled the restoration of the external appearances, which leads to improved recovery and a better quality of life.