Normal B lymphocyte differentiation.

Normal differentiation of B lineage cells has been the subject of intensive investigation over the past three decades. Current models of this process in humans are melded from the results of studies in a variety of organisms, including humans, mice and birds. Several recent developments have significantly reshaped and refined these models. The technique of homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells has allowed the production of mice with selectively disrupted genes that are important for B cell development in mice. At the same time, functional studies of human B cell differentiation, together with analysis of naturally occurring mutations that disrupt this process, have progressed rapidly. This has provided insight into the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative and immunodeficiency diseases as well as a clearer view of normal developmental events. In this chapter we have reviewed human B cell differentiation with particular emphasis on newly emerging concepts. We also discussed CD5, a pan-T cell antigen that is expressed in low levels on a subpopulation of B cells implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Finally, we discussed the issue of restricted variable region gene usage during B cell ontogeny and in CLL.