Goodman M, Bailey W J, Hayasaka K, Stanhope M J, Slightom J, Czelusniak J
Department of Anatomy, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1994 May;94(1):3-24. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330940103.
Evidence from DNA sequences on the phylogenetic systematics of primates is congruent with the evidence from morphology in grouping Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) and Hominoidea (apes and humans) into Catarrhini, Catarrhini and Platyrrhini (ceboids or New World monkeys) into Anthropoidea, Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes into Strepsirhini, and Anthropoidea, Tarsioidea, and Strepsirhini into Primates. With regard to the problematic relationships of Tarsioidea, DNA sequences group it with Anthropoidea into Haplorhini. In addition, the DNA evidence favors retaining Cheirogaleidae within Lemuriformes in contrast to some morphological studies that favor placing Cheirogaleids in Lorisiformes. While parsimony analysis of the present DNA sequence data provides only modest support for Haplorhini as a monophyletic taxon, it provides very strong support for Hominoidea, Catarrhini, Anthropoidea, and Strepsirhini as monophyletic taxa. The parsimony DNA evidence also rejects the hypothesis that megabats are the sister group of either Primates or Dermoptera (flying lemur) or a Primate-Dermoptera clade and instead strongly supports the monophyly of Chiroptera, with megabats grouping with microbats at considerable distance from Primates. In contrast to the confused morphological picture of sister group relationships within Hominoidea, orthologous noncoding DNA sequences (spanning alignments involving as many as 20,000 base positions) now provide by the parsimony criterion highly significant evidence for the sister group relationships defined by a cladistic classification that groups the lineages to all extant hominoids into family Hominidae, divides this ape family into subfamilies Hylobatinae (gibbons) and Homininae, divides Homininae into tribes Pongini (orangutans) and Hominini, and divides Hominini into subtribes Gorillina (gorillas) and Hominina (humans and chimpanzees). A likelihood analysis of the largest body of these noncoding orthologues and counts of putative synapomorphies using the full range of sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes also find that humans and chimpanzees share the longest common ancestry.
来自DNA序列的有关灵长类系统发育分类学的证据，与来自形态学的证据是一致的，即把猕猴超科（旧大陆猴）和人猿超科（猿和人类）归为狭鼻小目，把狭鼻小目和阔鼻小目（卷尾猴或新大陆猴）归为类人猿亚目，把狐猴型下目和懒猴型下目归为原猴亚目，以及把类人猿亚目、跗猴型下目和原猴亚目归为灵长目。关于跗猴型下目的复杂关系，DNA序列将它与类人猿亚目归为简鼻亚目。此外，与一些倾向于将鼠狐猴科置于懒猴型下目的形态学研究相反，DNA证据支持将鼠狐猴科保留在狐猴型下目内。虽然对目前DNA序列数据的简约分析仅为简鼻亚目作为一个单系类群提供了适度支持，但它为将人猿超科、狭鼻小目、类人猿亚目和原猴亚目作为单系类群提供了非常有力的支持。简约DNA证据也否定了大蝙蝠是灵长目或皮翼目（鼯猴）或灵长目 - 皮翼目进化枝的姐妹群这一假说，而是强烈支持翼手目的单系性，大蝙蝠与小蝙蝠归为一类，与灵长目有相当大的距离。与类人猿超科内姐妹群关系混乱的形态学情况相反，直系同源非编码DNA序列（跨越涉及多达20,000个碱基位置的比对）现在根据简约标准为一种分支分类法所定义的姐妹群关系提供了高度显著的证据，这种分类法将所有现存类人猿的谱系归为人科，将这个猿科分为长臂猿亚科（长臂猿）和人亚科，将人亚科分为猩猩族（猩猩）和人族，将人族分为大猩猩亚族（大猩猩）和人亚族（人类和黑猩猩）。对这些最大的非编码直系同源物群体进行似然分析，并使用线粒体和核基因组的全序列数据计算假定的共有衍征数量，也发现人类和黑猩猩有着最长的共同祖先。
