Carlson D M, Carley D W, Onal E, Lopata M, Basner R C
Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994 Apr;76(4):1553-9. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1994.76.4.1553.
Six healthy subjects (3 males, 3 females) were studied to assess phasic inspiratory responses of upper airway (UA) and diaphragm muscles to electrocortical arousal independent of other potential respiratory stimulation. Transient electroencephalographic (EEG) arousal (abrupt EEG frequency shift > or = 3 s without awakening) was induced during supine stage 2 non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep with binaural tone bursts (0.5 s, 4 kHz, 25-95 dB). Electromyograms (EMG) of levator veli palatini (EMGlvp) and genioglossus (EMGgg) were obtained with intramuscular electrodes, and EMG of diaphragm (EMGdi) was obtained with esophageal electrodes. EMG signals were processed as moving time-averaged inspiratory activity over 100-ms windows. For each arousal, each of five consecutive postarousal breaths (R1-R5) was scored for peak inspiratory phasic EMG and normalized as percent averaged EMG of the three prearousal breaths for all muscles. After arousal, EMGlvp was increased for R1-R5 and EMGgg and EMGdi were increased for R1-R4. The increase in EMGlvp was greater than those of EMGgg and EMGdi for all response breaths. There was a significant increase in EMGlvp in all subjects, and EMGgg and EMGdi were significantly increased in three and two subjects, respectively. These data indicate that isolated transient electrocortical arousal is generally associated with phasic inspiratory recruitment of UA and diaphragm muscles in normal humans during NREM sleep; velopharyngeal muscle recruitment appears to be more consistent and of greater magnitude and duration than that of oropharyngeal muscle or diaphragm. We speculate that transient arousal from sleep may contribute to UA patency independent of chemical and mechanical respiratory stimuli.
对6名健康受试者（3名男性，3名女性）进行了研究，以评估上气道（UA）和膈肌对电皮层觉醒的阶段性吸气反应，而不考虑其他潜在的呼吸刺激因素。在仰卧位第二阶段非快速眼动（NREM）睡眠期间，通过双耳纯音脉冲（0.5秒，4千赫，25 - 95分贝）诱发短暂的脑电图（EEG）觉醒（EEG频率突然改变≥3秒且未唤醒）。使用肌内电极获取腭帆提肌（EMGlvp）和颏舌肌（EMGgg）的肌电图，并使用食管电极获取膈肌的肌电图（EMGdi）。EMG信号被处理为100毫秒窗口内的移动时间平均吸气活动。对于每次觉醒，对随后连续的五次呼吸（R1 - R5）中的每一次进行吸气相肌电峰值评分，并将其归一化为所有肌肉在觉醒前三次呼吸的平均肌电百分比。觉醒后，EMGlvp在R1 - R5期间增加，EMGgg和EMGdi在R1 - R4期间增加。在所有反应呼吸中，EMGlvp的增加大于EMGgg和EMGdi。所有受试者的EMGlvp均显著增加，EMGgg和EMGdi分别在三名和两名受试者中显著增加。这些数据表明，在NREM睡眠期间，孤立的短暂电皮层觉醒通常与正常人UA和膈肌的阶段性吸气募集相关；腭咽肌的募集似乎比口咽肌或膈肌的募集更一致，幅度更大且持续时间更长。我们推测，睡眠中的短暂觉醒可能有助于在不依赖化学和机械呼吸刺激的情况下保持UA通畅。
