Emmerson M
Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, England.
Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1994;93:47-54.
Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated single bacterial species from surgical wounds. During 1954-59, S. aureus phage 80/81 was responsible for more than 20% of staphylococcal epidemics in British hospitals. With the introduction of methicillin came satisfactory treatment of staphylococcal infection, though strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were quickly discovered. Outbreaks of MRSA infection usually start with the transfer or admission of either a patient or healthcare worker colonized or infected with MRSA from another hospital or the community. Long-stay patients act as reservoirs for MRSA which spread via several modes of transmission. Hospital outbreaks of MRSA infection are difficult to control and may require stringent containment measures entailing considerable expense. Infection control is dependent on staff education programmes and surveillance. In the event of an MRSA epidemic, infection control staff may need to solicit the help of a team of trained specialists to implement intensive surveillance programmes, to identify and isolate MRSA carriers and eradicate the carriage of MRSA. Antibiotics are widely used for the prevention of infection, but control should be exercised as excessive antibiotic use has been identified as a risk factor for outbreaks of infection.
金黄色葡萄球菌是外科伤口中最常分离出的单一细菌种类。在1954年至1959年期间，80/81型金黄色葡萄球菌噬菌体导致了英国医院超过20%的葡萄球菌流行。随着甲氧西林的引入，葡萄球菌感染得到了令人满意的治疗，不过耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）菌株很快被发现。MRSA感染的暴发通常始于来自另一家医院或社区的携带或感染MRSA的患者或医护人员的转入或入院。长期住院患者是MRSA的储存宿主，其通过多种传播方式传播。医院内MRSA感染的暴发难以控制，可能需要采取严格的控制措施，这会带来相当大的费用。感染控制依赖于员工教育计划和监测。如果发生MRSA流行，感染控制人员可能需要寻求一组训练有素的专家的帮助，以实施强化监测计划，识别和隔离MRSA携带者，并消除MRSA的携带情况。抗生素被广泛用于预防感染，但应加以控制，因为过度使用抗生素已被确定为感染暴发的一个风险因素。
