Kepple T M, Arnold A S, Stanhope S J, Siegel K L
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
J Biomech. 1994 Mar;27(3):365-71. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(94)90012-4.
A method for estimating the locations of muscle origins and insertions from the measurement of surface landmarks was evaluated using two indirect accuracy tests and a three-dimensional computer graphics program. For each of four lower extremity anatomical segments, a least-squares technique was used to map the measured locations of three landmark targets to their anatomically based locations. The residual errors, obtained from the applications of the least squares, supplied the first indirect accuracy test. These residual errors were between 6 and 12 mm for the four anatomical segments when averaged over ten subjects. The second indirect accuracy test was conducted by comparing the predicted locations of end points on two adjacent segments forming a joint. Errors in aligning adjacent end points were between 12 and 29 mm for three anatomical joints when averaged over ten subjects. A three-dimensional computer graphics program was developed by the authors and demonstrated that the static testing techniques alone were insufficient to evaluate the quality of the muscle origin and insertion estimates. Any evaluation of muscle lengths, velocities and lines-of-action from surface landmarks should examine the estimates made from motion data, and should address both the ability of the model to fit the subjects as well as model's ability to represent the geometry of the musculoskeletal system.
通过两项间接准确性测试和一个三维计算机图形程序，对一种从表面标志测量估计肌肉起止点位置的方法进行了评估。对于四个下肢解剖节段中的每一个，使用最小二乘法技术将三个标志目标的测量位置映射到其基于解剖学的位置。通过最小二乘法应用得到的残余误差提供了第一个间接准确性测试。在对十名受试者进行平均后，四个解剖节段的这些残余误差在6至12毫米之间。第二个间接准确性测试是通过比较形成关节的两个相邻节段上终点的预测位置来进行的。在对十名受试者进行平均后，三个解剖关节中相邻终点对齐的误差在12至29毫米之间。作者开发了一个三维计算机图形程序，并证明仅静态测试技术不足以评估肌肉起止点估计的质量。从表面标志对肌肉长度、速度和作用线的任何评估都应检查从运动数据得出的估计，并应兼顾模型拟合受试者的能力以及模型表示肌肉骨骼系统几何形状的能力。
