The clinical use of upper extremity exercise.

There has been a revival of interest in the interaction between arm exercise and ventilation. Although arm ergometry continues to be the gold standard for the testing and training of upper extremities, an increasingly larger body of evidence indicates a more important role for the testing and training of upper extremities in forms that more closely resemble their physiologic adaptation in humans. As our knowledge of the functional anatomy of shoulder girdle muscles improves, so will our capacity to apply this knowledge in more rational, effective exercise regimens.