Roemer M I
Emeritus at the School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles.
J Community Health. 1994 Jun;19(3):153-63. doi: 10.1007/BF02260376.
Before 1989, the health systems of both Poland and Hungary were fully socialist, with all resources being governmental. The total populations of these countries were entitled to comprehensive health services from regionalized networks of hospitals, polyclinics, and primary health stations. Preventive environmental and epidemiological services were provided through special small facilities. Since the termination of socialism in 1989, the Polish system has been largely unchanged, except for greater emphasis on primary health care. About 5 percent of polyclinics have been privatized. In Hungary, financing has been transferred to a Social Security Fund. Polyclinics have been absorbed by hospital outpatient departments, and patients may use them only on referral by a family doctor. Public health officers have a wider scope of responsibilities in their districts. Both health systems still stress equitable distribution of services to everyone.
1989年以前，波兰和匈牙利的卫生系统完全是社会主义性质的，所有资源均由政府掌控。这两个国家的全体民众都有权通过医院、多科联合诊所和基层卫生站的区域化网络获得全面的医疗服务。预防性环境和流行病学服务通过专门的小型机构提供。自1989年社会主义制度结束以来，波兰的卫生系统大体上没有变化，只是更加重视初级卫生保健。约5%的多科联合诊所已实现私有化。在匈牙利，资金已转至社会保障基金。多科联合诊所已被医院门诊部合并，患者只有在家庭医生转诊后才能使用这些诊所。公共卫生官员在其辖区内的职责范围更广。两个卫生系统仍然强调向每个人公平分配服务。
