Electrophysiological and pharmacological evidence for the role of the nucleus accumbens in cocaine self-administration in freely moving rats.

The goal of this study was to clarify the role of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) in the expression of cocaine self-administration behaviors. Rats were trained in a continuous reinforcement schedule to press a lever to activate a pump that provided an intravenous injection of cocaine. Once the rats were trained, neuronal activity in the NAS was monitored during cocaine self-administration with chronic recording techniques using permanently implanted microwires. In the NAS, 19% of 181 neurons exhibited either increased or decreased firing rates seconds prior to lever pressing (termed "anticipatory responses"), and 48% had altered, predominantly decreased, firing rates for a few minutes after lever pressing ("postcocaine responses"). Two-thirds of the neurons with anticipatory responses had postcocaine responses. Neurons with either of these response patterns were localized histologically to both core and shell regions of the NAS, with no statistically significant differences in the proportion of response types in either area. Analysis of videotaped cocaine self-administration behaviors revealed that anticipatory responses were specifically associated either with the animal orienting toward and pressing the lever or only with movements directly related to pressing the lever. Anticipatory-like phasic spike activity was not observed during similar movements unrelated to lever pressing. In some animals, D1 (SCH 23390) or D2 (pimozide) receptor antagonists were injected systemically prior to or during self-administration sessions to assess the effects of dopamine receptor blockade on anticipatory and postcocaine responses. Each antagonist, given separately, often produced extinction of lever pressing. Both antagonists blocked the post-cocaine inhibitory response of neurons that had anticipatory responses. Neither antagonist modified anticipatory unit responses, nor did they affect postcocaine inhibitory responses in neurons that did not exhibit anticipatory responses. Taken together, these results suggest that the role of the NAS in cocaine self-administration may consist of two different mechanisms: (1) An initiation or trigger mechanism, as represented by the anticipatory neuronal responses, in which the NAS participates in triggering or mediating the goal-directed behaviors (e.g., lever pressing) that lead to the acquisition of the reinforcing agent (e.g., cocaine).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)