Fleming C R, McGill D B, Hoffman H N, Nelson R A
Mayo Clin Proc. 1976 Mar;51(3):187-99.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a relatively new innovation in patient care which allows us to replace and maintain essential nutrients in patients in whom oral or tube feedings are contraindicated or inadequate. Insertion of a catheter into a large central vein permits one to concentrate hypertonic dextrose calories in normal daily fluid requirements. In addition, TPN solutions contain synthetic amino acids or protein hydrolysates, macroelements, electrolytes, and vitamins. Indications for TPN include intestinal fistulas, severe short bowel syndrome, unresolving pancreatitis, advanced inflammatory bowel disease, delayed postoperative gastrointestinal function, developmental anomalies of the intestinal tract, protracted diarrhea of infancy, and hypermetabolic states. Complications encountered in patients receiving TPN are catheter-related mechanical problems, infections, and metabolic abnormalities. In select patients, who otherwise would require repeated hospitalizations for malnutrition, encouraging results have been achieved by the use of TPN in the home.
全胃肠外营养（TPN）是患者护理领域一项相对较新的创新技术，它使我们能够在口服或管饲禁忌或不足的患者中替代并维持必需营养素。将导管插入大的中心静脉可使人们在正常每日液体需求量中浓缩高渗葡萄糖热量。此外，TPN溶液包含合成氨基酸或蛋白质水解产物、宏量元素、电解质和维生素。TPN的适应证包括肠瘘、严重短肠综合征、未缓解的胰腺炎、晚期炎症性肠病、术后胃肠道功能延迟恢复、肠道发育异常、婴儿迁延性腹泻以及高代谢状态。接受TPN的患者会遇到与导管相关的机械问题、感染和代谢异常等并发症。在一些原本会因营养不良而需要反复住院的特定患者中，在家中使用TPN已取得了令人鼓舞的效果。
