Kiikkala I, Munnukka T
Department of Nursing, University of Tampere, Finland.
J Adv Nurs. 1994 Feb;19(2):320-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01087.x.
In the past 150 years nursing science has developed into a discipline of its own which has integrated features of various stages of theory development. So far most nursing theories, originally borrowed from other disciplines, have been adapted and moulded to suit the nursing context. The theories developed after Nightingale, such as developmental, need-oriented, interaction, system-oriented and simultaneity theories have come about this way. They have depicted the areas of interest in nursing which has thus been defined as the domain of main concepts and their interconnections. The methodological characteristics of research in science are derived on the basis of ontological and epistemological principles. The domain of nursing science is assumed to be an integral whole which is not divided into parts even for the purpose of research. Scientific data are obtained from this undivided world by means of man's human signification. In research, this undivided world is approached from the phenomenological tradition of science: particular topics are thematized as something, while the other aspects of the phenomenon are excluded. The accumulating scientific data are integrated to form a holistic body of knowledge which helps in understanding the phenomena in greater depth and from different perspectives. The historical development of nursing science reveals problems and conflicts which are derived from the tradition of empirical science of the last few decades. Research solutions following the empiricist tradition offer only limited opportunities to focus on the central research objects of nursing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
在过去的150年里，护理科学已发展成为一门独立的学科，融合了理论发展各个阶段的特点。到目前为止，大多数最初借鉴其他学科的护理理论都经过了调整和塑造，以适应护理环境。南丁格尔之后发展起来的理论，如发展理论、需求导向理论、互动理论、系统导向理论和同步性理论，都是这样产生的。它们描绘了护理领域的研究兴趣点，护理领域因此被定义为主概念及其相互关系的范畴。科学研究的方法论特征是基于本体论和认识论原则推导出来的。护理科学领域被认为是一个不可分割的整体，即使是为了研究目的也不会被划分为各个部分。科学数据是通过人类的意义建构从这个不可分割的世界中获取的。在研究中，从科学的现象学传统出发来探究这个不可分割的世界：将特定主题作为研究对象，同时排除现象的其他方面。积累的科学数据被整合起来，形成一个整体的知识体系，有助于从更深入和不同的角度理解这些现象。护理科学的历史发展揭示了源于过去几十年经验科学传统的问题和冲突。遵循经验主义传统的研究解决方案为关注护理核心研究对象提供的机会有限。（摘要截取自250字）
