Lange W R, Cabanilla B R, Moler G, Bernacki E J, Frankenfield D L, Fudala P J
Medical Advisor's Office, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1994;20(1):35-46. doi: 10.3109/00952999409084055.
During identical 2-month periods in 1989 and 1991, all applicants for employment at a major teaching hospital participated in preemployment drug screening. In 1989, before establishment of a formal preemployment testing program, screening was conducted without identifying information. Of 593 applicants screened, 64 (10.8%) were confirmed positive for one or more drugs. Marijuana metabolites were detected with the greatest frequency (35 samples, 55% of positive screens), followed by cocaine (36%), then opiates (28%). In 1991, after a formal preemployment testing program was in place, 365 applicants were screened, and 21 (5.8%) were confirmed positive. Opiates were most often detected (48% of positive screens), followed by cocaine (38%), then marijuana metabolites (28%). During both periods, positive urine screens were associated with ethnicity (non-White) and occupational category (blue-collar). Whereas in 1989 positive screens were associated with male gender, in 1991, females were more likely to test positive. The decline in prevalence following implementation of a screening program supports the notion that preemployment testing can serve as a deterrent for drug-using persons in applying for employment.
在1989年和1991年相同的两个月期间，一家大型教学医院的所有求职者都参加了入职前药物筛查。1989年，在正式的入职前检测项目建立之前，筛查是在不识别身份信息的情况下进行的。在接受筛查的593名求职者中，64人（10.8%）被确认为一种或多种药物检测呈阳性。大麻代谢物的检测频率最高（35份样本，占阳性筛查的55%），其次是可卡因（36%），然后是吗啡类药物（28%）。1991年，在正式的入职前检测项目实施之后，365名求职者接受了筛查，21人（5.8%）被确认为阳性。吗啡类药物的检测最为常见（占阳性筛查的48%），其次是可卡因（38%），然后是大麻代谢物（28%）。在这两个时期，尿液筛查呈阳性都与种族（非白人）和职业类别（蓝领）有关。1989年阳性筛查与男性有关，而在1991年，女性检测呈阳性的可能性更大。实施筛查项目后患病率的下降支持了入职前检测可以对吸毒者申请工作起到威慑作用这一观点。
