Kline D W
Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Exp Aging Res. 1994 Jan-Mar;20(1):11-23. doi: 10.1080/03610739408253950.
Aging is associated with a variety of decremental visual changes, including reductions in retinal illuminance, color discrimination, static and dynamic acuity, near focus, contrast sensitivity, smooth and saccadic eye movements, visual field, visual search, and the ability to see in and recover from glare. Laboratory research, field studies, and self-report data all indicate that many older persons experience significant difficulty in carrying out tasks that depend on these visual functions. It is also increasingly clear that older observer's performance in finding, extracting, and using visual information can be enhanced significantly by designing task environments to minimize the effects of visual deficits. Recent research indicates that optical simulation of visual loss and contrast sensitivity testing, used in conjunction with image processing, may be very powerful tools for designing displays for the elderly and others with diminished spatial vision. These developments are reviewed, and general guidelines for creating ergonomically correct visual task environments for older observers are offered.
衰老与多种视觉功能衰退变化相关，包括视网膜照度降低、颜色辨别能力下降、静态和动态视力减退、近焦点能力减弱、对比敏感度降低、平稳和扫视眼动异常、视野缩小、视觉搜索能力下降以及在眩光环境中视物和从眩光中恢复的能力减弱。实验室研究、实地调查和自我报告数据均表明，许多老年人在执行依赖这些视觉功能的任务时会遇到显著困难。越来越明显的是，通过设计任务环境以尽量减少视觉缺陷的影响，可以显著提高老年观察者在查找、提取和使用视觉信息方面的表现。最近的研究表明，结合图像处理使用的视觉丧失光学模拟和对比敏感度测试，可能是为老年人和其他空间视力减退者设计显示器的非常强大的工具。本文对这些进展进行了综述，并为为老年观察者创建符合人体工程学的正确视觉任务环境提供了一般指导原则。
