Panjabi M M, Oxland T, Takata K, Goel V, Duranceau J, Krag M
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1993 Aug;18(10):1298-310. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199308000-00009.
This study provides the quantitative three-dimensional surface anatomy of the articular facets for the entire human vertebral column based on a study of 276 vertebrae. Means and standard errors of the means for linear, angular, and area dimensions of the superior and inferior articular facets were measured for all vertebrae from C2 to L5. Facet orientations were described as angles with respect to the sagittal and transverse planes and also as card angles. The plane angles are similar to the angles seen on traditional radiographic views--radiographs and computed tomographic scans. The card angles, a new concept, are better at helping visualize the three-dimensional orientations of the facets. Excluding the superior C2 facet, the following minimum and maximum dimensions were found for the facets from C3 to L5: width = 9.6-16.3 mm; height = 10.2-18.4; surface area = 72.3-211.9 mm2; interfacet width = 20.8-40.6; interfacet height = 12.2-33.0 mm; transverse plane angle = 41.0-86.0; sagittal plane angle = 67.4-154.8; X-card angle = 41.0-86.0; and Y-card angle = 5.8-66.1. The quantitative anatomy of the facets may improve the understanding of the spinal anatomy, help improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment, and provide the necessary data for constructing more realistic mathematical models of the spine.
本研究基于对276块椎骨的研究，提供了整个人类脊柱关节面的定量三维表面解剖结构。测量了从C2到L5所有椎骨上、下关节面的线性、角度和面积尺寸的平均值及平均值的标准误差。关节面方向被描述为相对于矢状面和横断面的角度，也被描述为卡片角。平面角类似于传统放射学视图（X线片和计算机断层扫描）上看到的角度。卡片角是一个新概念，更有助于直观显示关节面的三维方向。除C2上关节面外，C3至L5关节面的以下最小和最大尺寸如下：宽度=9.6 - 16.3毫米；高度=10.2 - 18.4；表面积=72.3 - 211.9平方毫米；关节面间宽度=20.8 - 40.6；关节面间高度=12.2 - 33.0毫米；横断面角度=41.0 - 86.0；矢状面角度=67.4 - 154.8；X卡片角=41.0 - 86.0；Y卡片角=5.8 - 66.1。关节面的定量解剖结构可能会增进对脊柱解剖结构的理解，有助于改善临床诊断和治疗，并为构建更逼真的脊柱数学模型提供必要数据。
