Mills W J
Alaska Med. 1993 Jan-Mar;35(1):70-87.
The drugs used in frostbite injury care are: Plasma volume expanders (low molecular weight dextran); vasodilating agents (tolazoline hydrochloride); hypotensive agents (guanethidine monosulfate, reserpine); hemorrheologic agents (oxpentifylline); calcium blocking agents (nifedipine); sympatholytic agents (phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride); anticoagulating agents (heparin); thrombolytic enzymes (streptokinase, tissue plasminogen activator--TPA); an industrial solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide--DMSO); anti-inflammatory agents such as nonsteroidal drugs, and acetylsalicylic acid, Ibuprofen. As yet, no clear treatment policy has been determined for preventing injury secondary to the formation of oxygen free radicals, damaging neutrophils or reperfusion injury. The role of oxygen free radical scavengers and factors causing reperfusion injury is unclear at this date. Since that first reported series of 51 patients in 1960-61, 1,282 patients have been seen. Of that number, 1,026 had a diagnosis of frostbite; 151 were diagnosed as hypothermia; and 105 diagnosed as immersion injury.
血浆容量扩充剂（低分子右旋糖酐）；血管扩张剂（盐酸妥拉唑啉）；降压药（硫酸胍乙啶、利血平）；血液流变学药物（己酮可可碱）；钙阻滞剂（硝苯地平）；抗交感神经药（盐酸酚苄明）；抗凝剂（肝素）；溶栓酶（链激酶、组织型纤溶酶原激活剂——TPA）；一种工业溶剂（二甲基亚砜——DMSO）；抗炎药，如非甾体类药物、乙酰水杨酸、布洛芬。目前，对于预防因氧自由基形成、损伤中性粒细胞或再灌注损伤继发的损伤，尚未确定明确的治疗策略。目前，氧自由基清除剂和引起再灌注损伤的因素的作用尚不清楚。自1960 - 1961年首次报告51例患者以来，共诊治了1282例患者。其中，1026例诊断为冻伤；151例诊断为体温过低；105例诊断为浸泡伤。
