Geser C A
Int Z Vitam Ernahrungsforsch Beih. 1976;15:58-65.
Insulin is the key hormone of carbohydrate metabolism, it also influences the metabolism of fat and proteins. It lowers blood glucose by increasing glucose transport in muscle and adipose tissue and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein. The anabolic action of insulin is antagonized by the catabolic action of glucagon. This hormone stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The molar insulin: glucagon ratio is a parameter for an anabolic or a catabolic situation. Epinephrine also antagonizes insulin action. Like glucagon it stimulates glycogenolysis. In addition it reduces the insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues and inhibits the release of insulin. Growth hormone decreases glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue gluconeogenesis in liver. In the presence of insulin, growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis. The net metabolic effects of a single hormone are directly related to the activity of other synergistic or antagonistic hormones.
胰岛素是碳水化合物代谢的关键激素，它也影响脂肪和蛋白质的代谢。它通过增加肌肉和脂肪组织中的葡萄糖转运来降低血糖，并刺激糖原、脂肪和蛋白质的合成。胰岛素的合成代谢作用被胰高血糖素的分解代谢作用所拮抗。这种激素刺激糖原分解和糖异生。胰岛素与胰高血糖素的摩尔比是合成代谢或分解代谢状态的一个参数。肾上腺素也拮抗胰岛素的作用。与胰高血糖素一样，它刺激糖原分解。此外，它降低外周组织对胰岛素的敏感性并抑制胰岛素的释放。生长激素减少肌肉和脂肪组织对葡萄糖的摄取以及肝脏中的糖异生。在有胰岛素存在的情况下，生长激素刺激蛋白质合成。单一激素的净代谢效应与其他协同或拮抗激素的活性直接相关。
