2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Haidari, Greece.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Aug;93 Suppl 1:S52-9. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8227(11)70014-6.
The major effects of insulin on muscle and adipose tissue are: (1) Carbohydrate metabolism: (a) it increases the rate of glucose transport across the cell membrane, (b) it increases the rate of glycolysis by increasing hexokinase and 6-phosphofructokinase activity, (c) it stimulates the rate of glycogen synthesis and decreases the rate of glycogen breakdown. (2) Lipid metabolism: (a) it decreases the rate of lipolysis in adipose tissue and hence lowers the plasma fatty acid level, (b) it stimulates fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in tissues, (c) it increases the uptake of triglycerides from the blood into adipose tissue and muscle, (d) it decreases the rate of fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver. (3) Protein metabolism: (a) it increases the rate of transport of some amino acids into tissues, (b) it increases the rate of protein synthesis in muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and other tissues, (c) it decreases the rate of protein degradation in muscle (and perhaps other tissues). These insulin effects serve to encourage the synthesis of carbohydrate, fat and protein, therefore, insulin can be considered to be an anabolic hormone.
（1）碳水化合物代谢：（a）增加葡萄糖跨细胞膜转运的速率，（b）通过增加己糖激酶和 6-磷酸果糖激酶的活性，增加糖酵解的速率，（c）刺激糖原合成的速率，降低糖原分解的速率。（2）脂代谢：（a）降低脂肪组织中脂肪分解的速率，从而降低血浆脂肪酸水平，（b）刺激组织中脂肪酸和三酰甘油的合成，（c）增加从血液中摄取甘油三酯进入脂肪组织和肌肉，（d）降低肌肉和肝脏中脂肪酸的氧化速率。（3）蛋白质代谢：（a）增加某些氨基酸向组织的转运速率，（b）增加肌肉、脂肪组织、肝脏和其他组织中蛋白质的合成速率，（c）降低肌肉（可能还有其他组织）中蛋白质的降解速率。这些胰岛素作用有助于促进碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的合成，因此，胰岛素可以被认为是一种合成代谢激素。
