Woodward T E, Beisel W R, Faulkner R D
Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1976;87:69-101.
Those strategic points which influence this amateur historian to declare a victory for Baltimore and Maryland over Philadelphia are: I. Based upon clinical and epidemiological data, two Marylanders, Potter and Davidge, were among the first to contest Rush and his contagion theory; they told him so and published their views. To prove this point, Potter went to the extreme of inoculating himself with presumedly infected material. Stubbins Ffirth, a young University of Pennsylvania medical student, did the same four years later. To Rush's credit was ultimate abandonment of his originally held views. II. John Crawford, of Baltimore, although not the originator of the insect concept of transmission of infectious agents, published his concepts in 1811. III. Henry Rose Carter, a Maryland graduate, clearly delineated, in 1898, that after identification of an index case of yellow fever an extrinsic incubation period was necessary before the evolution of secondary cases. IV. James Carroll, another University of Maryland graduate, who worked as Deputy under Walter Reed with Lazear and Agramonte, helped prove Finlay's original concept that the Aedes aegypti mosquito was the natural vector of yellow fever. Carroll himself was the first experimentally induced case. V. Studies in primates provide new approaches for management of yellow fever. Nutritional support and treatment with specific anti-viral agents may be useful for therapy of human yellow fever. Maryland members of the Climatological are mindful of Philadelphia's rich medical heritage and of the many battles won in the City of Brotherly Love. Physicians in colonial and early America experienced The best and worst of times, theirs was an age of foolishness and belief, of incredulity and light, of darkness, despair and hope. This tale of two cities ends in peace.
一、基于临床和流行病学数据，两位马里兰州人波特和戴维奇是最早对拉什及其传染理论提出质疑的人；他们告知了拉什并发表了自己的观点。为证明这一点，波特甚至用疑似感染的材料给自己接种。四年后，宾夕法尼亚大学的年轻医学生斯塔宾斯·弗弗思也做了同样的事。值得称赞的是，拉什最终放弃了他最初持有的观点。二、巴尔的摩的约翰·克劳福德虽然不是传染病传播昆虫概念的提出者，但他在1811年发表了自己的相关概念。三、马里兰州的毕业生亨利·罗斯·卡特在1898年明确指出，在确定黄热病首例病例后，在二代病例出现之前需要有一个外在潜伏期。四、另一位马里兰大学毕业生詹姆斯·卡罗尔在沃尔特·里德手下与拉齐尔和阿格拉蒙特一起担任副手，他帮助证明了芬利最初的观点，即埃及伊蚊是黄热病的自然传播媒介。卡罗尔本人是第一个通过实验感染的病例。五、对灵长类动物的研究为黄热病的治疗提供了新方法。营养支持和使用特定抗病毒药物进行治疗可能对人类黄热病的治疗有用。气候学领域的马里兰州成员铭记着费城丰富的医学遗产以及在这座兄弟之爱之城赢得的许多战役。殖民地时期和美国早期的医生经历了最好和最坏的时代，他们生活在一个愚昧与信仰并存、怀疑与光明同在、黑暗、绝望与希望交织的时代。这个双城故事以和平告终。
