del Regato J A
Department of Radiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Ann Diagn Pathol. 1998 Oct;2(5):335-49. doi: 10.1016/s1092-9134(98)80027-0.
James Carroll was born in England in 1854; at the age of 15, he emigrated to Canada where he worked at various odd jobs. At age 20, he crossed the border and volunteered for the US Army, in which he remained for the rest of his life. Appointed as Hospital Steward, he became interested in medicine. He was permitted to take basic courses at St Paul University and later at Bellevue Hospital in New York. He received his MD degree in 1891 from the University of Maryland while still a sergeant. He then took the course in bacteriology offered by Welch at Hopkins. At an 1893 international exposition in Chicago, Carroll was put in charge of the Army's exhibit on bacteriology. He was then called to become Assistant Professor of Microscopy at the new Army Medical School; his senior there was Walter Reed. Both men were offered professorships in pathology and bacteriology at George Washington University, and in 1900, both were appointed to the US Board sent to Havana. After several weeks, the Board determined that the alleged agent causing yellow fever was Bacillus cholerae suis (Sanarelli). Visiting British researchers informed the Board of their favorable view of Carlos Finlay's theory that the disease was transmitted by the mosquito. The Board then visited Finlay, who gave them eggs of the particular species of mosquito that he had discovered to be the culprit. Board members Lazear and Carroll submitted themselves to the bite of an infected mosquito; both developed severe fever and Lazear died. The Board then carried out a well-planned experiment which proved that Finlay had been right for 20 years. Further experiments by Carroll showed that the agent could pass through a Berkefeld filter and was not bacterial.
詹姆斯·卡罗尔1854年出生于英国；15岁时，他移民到加拿大，在那里打零工。20岁时，他越过边境，志愿加入美国陆军，并在军中度过了余生。他被任命为医院管理员后，开始对医学产生兴趣。他被允许在圣保罗大学以及后来在纽约的贝莱维医院学习基础课程。1891年，他还只是一名中士时，就从马里兰大学获得了医学博士学位。随后，他参加了韦尔奇在霍普金斯大学开设的细菌学课程。在1893年芝加哥的一次国际博览会上，卡罗尔负责陆军的细菌学展览。后来，他被召到新成立的陆军医学院担任显微镜学助理教授；他在那里的上级是沃尔特·里德。两人都在乔治·华盛顿大学获得了病理学和细菌学教授职位，1900年，两人都被任命到派往哈瓦那的美国委员会。几周后，委员会确定所谓的导致黄热病的病原体是猪霍乱杆菌（萨纳雷利）。来访的英国研究人员向委员会通报了他们对卡洛斯·芬利关于该病由蚊子传播这一理论的赞同看法。委员会随后拜访了芬利，芬利给了他们他发现的导致该病的那种特定蚊子的卵。委员会成员拉齐尔和卡罗尔让自己被一只感染的蚊子叮咬；两人都发起了高烧，拉齐尔去世了。委员会随后进行了一项精心策划的实验，证明芬利在20年前是正确的。卡罗尔进一步的实验表明，病原体可以通过贝氏滤器，且不是细菌。
