White L E, Price J L
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
J Neurosci. 1993 Nov;13(11):4787-809. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-11-04787.1993.
Limbic status epilepticus was induced in awake, unrestrained rats by electrically stimulating the olfactory cortex or the basal amygdaloid nucleus for about 40 min. One of four stable forms of status was induced, which were distinguished on the basis of their behavioral and EEG manifestations, and their distinct patterns of 14C-2-deoxyglucose uptake and Fos-like immunoreactivity. Type I status was characterized by sporadic EEG discharges and the activation of the amygdalohippocampal area, but had no overt behavioral manifestation. Type II status involved incessant exploratory behaviors, single EEG discharges, and the additional activation of the basal amygdaloid nucleus, some of its efferent projections, and parts of the olfactory cortex. Type III status included all of these same patterns, plus the episodic development of ictal EEG activity associated with facial and forelimb clonus, and the concurrent recruitment of the entire amygdala, ventral hippocampal formation, prefrontal, insular, and olfactory cortices, and related subcortical structures. Type IV status was characterized by generalized clonus, unremitting ictal EEG discharges, and the additional activation of most of the dorsolateral neocortex, neostriatum, and thalamus. In each case of status type I, II, or III, the same anatomical structures that displayed high levels of 14C-2-deoxyglucose uptake also contained many cells that were immunoreactive for Fos, with the exception of the parataenial and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei and the substantia nigra pars reticularis. Thus, the overall patterns of 14C-2-deoxyglucose uptake and Fos-like immunoreactivity from the same animals displayed a remarkable degree of correspondence. The major results indicate that different levels of status are related to the activation of discrete epileptogenic foci, and the capacity of such foci to interact with a distinct set of interconnected anatomical structures. It is suggested that the behavioral manifestations of limbic status epilepticus may be explained by influences of limbic structures in the ventral forebrain upon lower motor elements in the brainstem and spinal cord, without the participation of the "pyramidal" motor system.
通过电刺激清醒、不受束缚的大鼠的嗅觉皮质或基底杏仁核约40分钟来诱发边缘性癫痫持续状态。诱发了四种稳定形式之一的癫痫持续状态，根据其行为和脑电图表现以及14C-2-脱氧葡萄糖摄取和Fos样免疫反应的不同模式来区分。I型癫痫持续状态的特征是脑电图散在放电以及杏仁核-海马区激活，但无明显行为表现。II型癫痫持续状态包括持续的探索行为、单次脑电图放电，以及基底杏仁核、其一些传出投射和部分嗅觉皮质的额外激活。III型癫痫持续状态包括所有这些相同模式，加上与面部和前肢阵挛相关的发作性脑电图活动的发展，以及整个杏仁核、腹侧海马结构、前额叶、岛叶和嗅觉皮质以及相关皮质下结构的同时募集。IV型癫痫持续状态的特征是全身性阵挛、不间断的发作性脑电图放电，以及背外侧新皮质、新纹状体和丘脑大部分区域的额外激活。在I、II或III型癫痫持续状态的每种情况下，显示高水平14C-2-脱氧葡萄糖摄取的相同解剖结构也含有许多对Fos免疫反应的细胞，但旁丘脑和丘脑背内侧核以及黑质网状部除外。因此，同一动物的14C-2-脱氧葡萄糖摄取和Fos样免疫反应的总体模式显示出显著程度的对应性。主要结果表明，不同程度的癫痫持续状态与离散致痫灶的激活以及这些病灶与一组不同的相互连接的解剖结构相互作用的能力有关。有人提出，边缘性癫痫持续状态的行为表现可能由腹侧前脑边缘结构对脑干和脊髓中较低运动元件的影响来解释，而无需“锥体”运动系统的参与。
