Tracheostomy: acute and long-term mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight premature infants.

Thirty-six very low birth weight premature infants (VLBW-PT) born at 24 to 32 weeks gestation and with birth weights 635 to 1,360 g who had tracheostomies performed for acquired subglottic stenosis or for prolonged mechanical ventilation were followed in relation to acute and long-term mortality and morbidity. Mortality due to the tracheostomy occurred in 4 patients (11%); mortality from all other causes was 25%. Death after hospital discharge was associated with the nonuse of prescribed cardiorespiratory monitors. Complications < 1 week postsurgery occurred in 31% of infants and complications > or = 1 week postsurgery occurred in 64% of infants. Fifty percent of infants required tracheostomy for > 2 years and/or extensive reconstructive surgery of the airway. Parents should be counselled that VLBW-PT infants with a tracheostomy may require extended medical and home care. An effective home care program requires parental training in tracheostomy care, the use of ancillary equipment, and infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation.