The response of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia to overdrive atrial and ventricular pacing: can it help determine the tachycardia mechanism?

INTRODUCTION

Standard electrophysiologic techniques generally allow discrimination among mechanisms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the response of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia to atrial and ventricular overdrive pacing can help determine the tachycardia mechanism.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Fifty-three patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were studied. Twenty-two patients had the typical form of atrioventricular (AV) junctional (nodal) reentry, 18 patients had orthodromic AV reentrant tachycardia, 10 patients had atrial tachycardia, and 3 patients had the atypical form of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. After paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was induced, 15-beat trains were introduced in the high right atrium and right ventricular apex sequentially with cycle lengths beginning 10 msec shorter than the spontaneous tachycardia cycle length. The pacing cycle length was shortened in successive trains until a cycle of 200 msec was reached or until tachycardia was terminated. Several responses of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia to overdrive pacing were useful in distinguishing atrial tachycardia from other mechanisms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. During decremental atrial overdrive pacing, the curve relating the pacing cycle length to the VA interval on the first beat following the cessation of atrial pacing was flat or upsloping in patients with AV junctional reentry or AV reentrant tachycardia, but variable in patients with atrial tachycardia. AV reentry and AV junctional reentry could always be terminated by overdrive ventricular pacing whereas atrial tachycardia was terminated in only one of ten patients (P < 0.001). The curve relating the ventricular pacing cycle length to the VA interval on the first postpacing beat was flat or upsloping in patients with AV junctional reentry and AV reentry, but variable in patients with atrial tachycardia. The typical form of AV junctional reentry could occasionally be distinguished from other forms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia by the shortening of the AH interval following tachycardia termination during constant rate atrial pacing.

CONCLUSIONS

Atrial and ventricular overdrive pacing can rapidly and reliably distinguish atrial tachycardia from other mechanisms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and occasionally assist in the diagnosis of other tachycardia mechanisms. In particular, the ability to exclude atrial tachycardia as a potential mechanism for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia has important implications for the use of catheter ablation techniques to cure paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.