Vascular consequences of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation.

Cigarette smoke contains more than 4000 active compounds. The most common of these are nicotine and carbon monoxide. The inhalation of these compounds causes an immediate and active response in the human body. Atherosclerosis is thought to be related to smoking in some direct or indirect manner. Although no direct link has been proved, the risk for experiencing atherosclerotic changes in vessel walls seems to increase with smoking, especially in the presence of other risk factors. These include a high-fat diet, heredity, and diabetes. The relationship between smoking and coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease has been suggested by clinical studies with animals and human subjects. Although the smoking population in the United States has diminished in size, the number of teen and women smokers has continued to increase. Resources for those who desire to quit smoking are available in most health care settings. Success depends on many factors, including support networks, patient knowledge, and the method selected for cessation. The vascular nurse can support the patient in choosing a healthier life-style that is free of smoking.