Poshyachinda V
Institute of Health Research, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Forensic Sci Int. 1993 Nov;62(1-2):15-28. doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(93)90040-h.
Opium dependence was indigenous to countries in the Golden Triangle area in south-east Asia (SA). Heroin epidemics developed in most SA countries in the 1960s and early 1970s and remained a significant problem particularly in Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia until now. In contrast, the island countries in SA seemed quite free from opiate abuse. Intravenous injection (IV) of drugs appeared after the heroin epidemic and currently prevails in countries with a significant opiate abuse problem. IV of opium was particularly common in the highly urbanized cities in Vietnam. Most SA countries started HIV seroscreening in IV drug users (IVDU) around the middle of the 1980s. Rapid epidemic spread of HIV infection was observed in 1988-89 in Thailand and Myanmar. The Highest prevalence of more than 80% was reported from a study of IVDUs in Yangon, Myanmar, followed by Thailand at about 40%. Although HIV infected IVDUs were identified at the same time in Malaysia and later in Singapore and the Philippines, there was no evidence of such a rapid and severe epidemic.
阿片类药物依赖在东南亚金三角地区的国家由来已久。20世纪60年代和70年代初，大多数东南亚国家出现了海洛因流行，直到现在，这一问题在缅甸、泰国和马来西亚仍然十分严重。相比之下，东南亚的岛国似乎没有阿片类药物滥用问题。静脉注射毒品出现在海洛因流行之后，目前在存在严重阿片类药物滥用问题的国家较为普遍。在越南高度城市化的城市中，静脉注射鸦片尤为常见。大多数东南亚国家在20世纪80年代中期左右开始对静脉吸毒者进行艾滋病毒血清筛查。1988 - 1989年，在泰国和缅甸观察到艾滋病毒感染迅速蔓延。缅甸仰光对静脉吸毒者的一项研究报告称，艾滋病毒感染率最高超过80%，其次是泰国，约为40%。尽管在马来西亚以及后来的新加坡和菲律宾也同时发现了感染艾滋病毒的静脉吸毒者，但没有证据表明存在如此迅速和严重的疫情。
