Schneider W, Gruber H, Gold A, Opwis K
Institut fuer Psychologie, University of Würzburg, Germany.
J Exp Child Psychol. 1993 Dec;56(3):328-49. doi: 10.1006/jecp.1993.1038.
This paper presents a replication and extension of Chi's (1978) classic study on chess expertise. A major outcome of Chi's research was that although adult novices had a better memory span than child experts, the children showed better memory for chess positions than the adults. The major goal of this study was to explore the effects of the following task characteristics on memory performance: (1) Familiarity with the constellation of chess pieces (i.e., meaningful versus random positions) and (2) familiarity with both the geometrical structure of the board and the form and color of chess pieces. The tasks presented to the four groups of subjects (i.e., child experts and novices, adult experts and novices) included memory for meaningful and random chess positions as well as memory for the location of wooden pieces of different forms on a board geometrically structured by circles, triangles, rhombuses, etc. (control task 1). Further, a digit span memory task was given (control task 2). The major assumption was that the superiority of experts should be greatest for the meaningful chess positions, somewhat reduced but still significant for the random positions, and nonsignificant for the board control task. Only age effects were expected for the digit span task. The results conformed to this pattern, showing that each type of knowledge contributed to the experts' superior memory span for chess positions.
本文呈现了对池（1978）关于国际象棋专长的经典研究的复制与扩展。池的研究的一个主要成果是，尽管成年新手的记忆广度比儿童专家更好，但儿童在记忆国际象棋棋局方面比成年人表现得更好。本研究的主要目标是探究以下任务特征对记忆表现的影响：（1）对棋子组合的熟悉程度（即有意义的棋局与随机棋局）以及（2）对棋盘几何结构和棋子形状与颜色的熟悉程度。呈现给四组受试者（即儿童专家和新手、成年专家和新手）的任务包括记忆有意义和随机的国际象棋棋局，以及记忆不同形状的木制棋子在由圆形、三角形、菱形等构成几何结构的棋盘上的位置（控制任务1）。此外，还进行了数字广度记忆任务（控制任务2）。主要假设是，专家在有意义的国际象棋棋局方面的优势应该最大，在随机棋局方面优势有所降低但仍然显著，而在棋盘控制任务方面不显著。对于数字广度任务，预计只有年龄效应。结果符合这一模式，表明每种类型的知识都有助于专家在记忆国际象棋棋局方面具有更好的记忆广度。
