Goldin S E
Am J Psychol. 1978 Dec;91(4):659-71.
Two experiments using a levels-of-processing paradigm were performed to demonstrate the existence and usefulness of a semantic component in chess knowledge. Experiment I compared forced-choice recognition of chess positions after a structural task (piece counting) as opposed to a semantic task (choosing a move). Recognition accuracy, confidence, and familiarity ratings all showed a facilitation effect in the semantic condition. By including an orienting task that did not encourage semantic processing but still allowed pattern-matching operations to occur (copying a board), Experiment II demonstrated that this task effect was a genuine enhancement of memory due to meaningful processing. One again, the processing of meaningful relations in the semantic task (positional evaluation) produced a higher level of recognition performance than did the more structural processing. These results suggest that aspects of meaning have some input into the processes that generate the memory representation of a chess position.
进行了两项采用加工水平范式的实验，以证明国际象棋知识中语义成分的存在及其作用。实验一比较了在进行结构性任务（棋子计数）与语义任务（选择一步棋）之后，对国际象棋局面的强制选择识别。识别准确率、信心和熟悉度评分在语义条件下均显示出促进效应。通过纳入一项不鼓励语义加工但仍允许进行模式匹配操作的定向任务（复制棋盘），实验二表明，由于有意义的加工，该任务效应是对记忆的真正增强。同样，语义任务（局面评估）中有意义关系的加工比更具结构性的加工产生了更高水平的识别表现。这些结果表明，意义的各个方面对生成国际象棋局面记忆表征的过程有一定的影响。
